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The cultural landscape in danger of UNESCO Natural and Culturo-historical region of Kotor Over the last decade, the region of the Bay of Kotor, which has been the UNESCO heritage site since 1979, is the area where severe destruction of the cultural landscape has occurred due to the excessive building industry, triggered by huge investments. Such appalling development of the entire Bay is threatening to devastate the fragile cultural landscape of the Bay of Kotor. Because of excessive destruction of the outstanding universal value of the cultural landscape, traditional urban settlements are endangered by the over-scaled architecture for commercial purposes. As a result of this, the UNESCO Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor will probably soon be erased from the World Heritage list. It should also be pointed out that Boka Kotorska is a place where cultures overlap due to Roman, Byzantine, Venetian and Austro-Hungarian rule. Thus, the complexity of the landscape and its connection to the past eras is a strong argument for its valorisation by integrative approach which would first consider the social value of the cultural landscape. Such an approach to the overall socio-historical development of the region also has to contain the environmental component in many areas of management of landscape and urban planning. ​ Nowadays native people have lost connection with the local environment in Bay of Kotor; this has happened by changing the way people use landscape and by vanishing the active cultivation of the same. Moreover, the way the landscape is used has drastically changed after the last earthquake in 1979; furthermore, over the last decade it has been highly influenced by the heavy foreign investment in real estate industry.For all these reasons, the cultural landscape of the Bay of Kotor region, and Prcanj in particular, is under the big threat of losing all its inherited features represented by the materiality and the structure of the landscape itself, as well as vanishing the collective memory of its traditional character and specificity. Today, many areas have been devastated by building residential buildings without any legal certificate, thus imposing high seismic hazard; also, by interrupting the organical linkage with surrounding landscape; even, by making life more complicated and dangerous (neglecting the necessity of adequate access for personal cars, or not providing a livable neighbourhood). All these problems make a real urban chaos in some upper areas of Prcanj like Tre Sorelle and Sarena Gomila. After the 1979 earthquake, an intensive urbanisation started without any implemented strategical urban planning. Today, some areas in Prcanj which are important for their cultural landscape, like St. Anna Valley, are threatened by uncontrolled urbanisation, like the building of a big real estate settlement, and by imposing the complete destruction of the authentic cultural landscape. Now the urge for urban legislation of the entire UNESCO area of Kotor, as well as in Prcanj, is the top priority for Montenegro, and among the aims of this report is to point to urgent actions in urban legislation and integrated approach toward cultural landscape protection, as well as to raise public awareness about its tangible and intangible features. Due to excessive construction, the authenticity of the Region of Kotor is fading away and is rudely devastated in the name of sustainable development. However, in this case the concept of sustainability has been compromised from the very start. Such a problematic approach of urban planning is evident on the entire coast of Montenegro but it is most obvious in the region of Kotor, which is under the protection of the UNESCO. I would like to point out that the town of Kotor with its surroundings is in a chaotic situation now. Abandoned spots in the town of huge potentials such as the old abandoned site of the factory, ruins of Fjord Hotel, the modernist building of Jugooceanija, a former shipping company, and a lot of other areas of the huge potentials such as Skurda peninsula, and sports hall in Skaljari, and the building of former Autoremont are wrecked. At present, the town attempts to improve its economy by hosting big cruise ships. In that respect it has been very successful insomuch that Kotor has been proclaimed as the one of the top 5 cruising ship destination in the Mediterranean. Far more interesting topic is opening for mass tourism. Namely, every day thousands of tourist come to the Kotor, which has only 2,000 inhabitants. Does the town need so many tourists come for one day sightseeing tour, or better to say half day sightseeing tour? Does it mean that the citizens would not be able to come to the town centre during working hours or to reach the health institutions in proper time because of crowded streets? ​ Kotor is the town that has only one road which runs along the waterfront. Due to numerous vehicles which travel along this road, traffic congestions frequently occur, especially in summer. Furthermore, the local seashore roads are without the proper signalization, with holes, pits and bumps, which makes the transportation, from Tivat to Kotor in particular, very annoying and frustrating but also very dangerous. All these issues and historical permanence in a collision with the current mass cruise tourism cause many problems. An average tourist who would like to spend a couple of days in Kotor cannot properly enjoy his or her vacation. It means that smart mobility needs to be introduced in the immediate vicinity to provide a liveable environment for the younger generation to come but also for its well-recognized tourist activity in the town of Kotor. Furthermore, cruise ships cause problems which must be solved urgently because of their adverse effect on the environment. They produce air pollution and damage the marine ecosystem in many ways which have a negative impact on the fishing industry, and thus cause the socio-economic turbulence that leads to complete relocation of domicile population. In addition to this, there are many problems arising from the improper regional planning, whereby high buildings have been constructed in the pristine cultural landscape proclaimed as the World Cultural Heritage. ​ The following key points highlight the issues arising from the ongoing building activities that have negative impact on the protected area of the Bay of Kotor and pose a threat to its Outstanding Universal Value. ​ Emerging of poorly planned settlements in UNESCO Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor, which poses a threat to the outstanding universal value of property Building of improperly planned settlements without any urban strategy or management plan, which makes an unprecedented negative visual impact on the seashore line and vistas on the historical monuments and urban ensembles of outstanding universal value; Settlements planned and made in locations not suitable for their character because of the unique and practically harsh natural environment in the region of seashore forests and cliffs, which ruins the integrity of the landscape itself; Settlements built without any prior strategy, thus living in them may be dangerous and complicated because of pollution of water, environmental degradation, ecosystem collapse, a danger of forest fires, high seismic risk etc.; Accepting the urban plan that proposes big and radical intervention in the landscape, that might probably invade the integrity of the cultural landscape and destroy its outstanding universal value by building a traffic motorway, a bridge or other large infrastructural elements for which consulting with UNESCO experts and making Heritage Assessment plan is necessary. ​Building contemporary structures in a landscape that is not suitable for them because of its characteristics, design or terrain feature, which has a negative and unprecedented impact on the entire cultural landscape and natural scenery; The non-professional or cheap commercial buildings made without any legal certificate that threatens to destroy the unique traditional way of life of local people; Concreting the seashore at the places of former family piers or building new ones without using the traditional monolith stone techniques, destroying the fertile sea ecosystem and artistic traditional appearance of the sea line; Destruction of traditional olive and oak forests, traditional steep agricultural terraces and traditional historical-artistic gardens of outstanding value behind the palaces and family homes; Non-professional restoration of protected historical family buildings without any regard for their integrity, which threatens to degrade the universal value of the buildings (opening the roof terraces, division of historical balustrades, altering the height of historical buildings, houses or palaces, making the roof covering with non-traditional techniques, changing the traditional bearing construction (especially the concrete ones), changing the original look of the facades, replacing the traditional wooden openings for doors and windows) with the ones made of PVC, AL,...etc.; Degradation of the value of historical palaces and their ancient artistic furniture, interior decorations, aristocratic family libraries and artistic paintings, because of: leaving the property without owners, multiple selling of the property to foreign investors that neglect its historical value and the lack of the regulations and statistics data of movable cultural treasures and regulations for itself. ​ ​ HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Kusevic, B. (2017).The cultural landscape in danger of Bay of Kotor ‘‘The Archive of Landscapes” . [date] ​​ BACKGROUND PHOTO. Dobrota, Montenegro. Photo by Bogdan Kusevic Degradation of integrity of the cultural landscape in the town of Prcanj, Dobrota, Kostanjica Photographs by Bogdan Kusevic Degradation of monuments of UNESCO Natural and Culturo-Historical region of Kotor Photographs by Bogdan Kusevic

Pješačka staza Muo - Prčanj - Gornji Stoliv Staza do crkve Sv. Kuzme i Damjana iznad naselja Muo Staza do crkve Sv. Kuzme i Damjana iznad naselja Muo Ruševine starih kuća duž staze prema crkvi Sv. Kuzme i Damjana Crkva Sv. Kuzme i Damjana Pogled sa dijela staze Muo- crkva Sv. Kuzme i Damjana Ruševine starih kuća duž staze iznad naselja Muo Ruševine starih kuća duž staze iznad naselja Muo Staza iznad bivšeg vojnog kompleksa na Prčanju Staza iznad naselja Muo Pristupna staza, Velja Rijeka - Glavati -Prčanj Staza duž crkve Sv. Ane - Glavati Ruševine palate Sbutega - uvala Glavati kod crkve Sv. Ane Pogled sa dijela staze uvala Sv. Ane Staza duž crkve Sv. Petra iznad Prčanja Staza do ruševina stare župne crkve iznad Prčanja Staza pored ruševina stare župne crkve iznad Prčanja Ruševine stare župne crkve iznad Prčanja Stara župna crkva Prčanja Staza do ruševina stare župne crkve iznad Prčanja Staza ka lokalitetu Grasovo - Prčanj Pogled sa dijela staze Grasovo - Markov Rt Staza do Gornjeg Stoliva Staza do Gornjeg Stoliva Crkva Sv. Ilije u Gornjem Stolivu Pogled sa dijela staze Gornji Stoliv - Markov Rt ​ Stara pješačka staza Muo – Prčanj – Gornji Stoliv za koju se smatra da je bila aktivna i tokom srednjeg vijeka, povezivala je stara naselja u brdu sa naseljima duž obale mora kada priobalni put još nije postojao. Njene mnogobrojne pristupne staze koje se stepenicama i kosim kaldrmisanim rampama uspinju od mora, vode najčešće do župnih crkava u brdu. Najznačajniji ogranci ovih staza su: staza od naselja Muo do Crkve Sv. Kuzme i Damjana, staza od naselja Prčanj na lokalitetu Grasovo do ruševina Stare župne crkve u brdu i staza od Donjeg Stoliva do Crkve Sv. Ilije u Gornjem Stolivu. Ovi ogranci pješačkih staza imali su svoju važnu religijsku ulogu u životu naroda ovog podneblja, a možemo govoriti i o njihovom hodočasničkom karakteru. Tipičan primjer takve staze je staza do Stare župne crkve u brdu iznad Prčanja u kojoj se do izgradnje Bogorodičinog hrama pri moru, nalazila čudotvorna ikona Majke Božije koju je u dane svetkovine posjećivalo i do 6000 vjernika. ​ Pješačka staza u brdu Muo – Prčanj – Gornji Stoliv započinje u priobalnom dijelu naselja Muo, a nedaleko od Crkve Sv. Kuzme i Damjana u brdu, njen ogranak skreće ka Prčanju, iako je u većem dijelu neprohodan i produžava iznad bivšeg vojnog kompleksa. Staza nastavlja iznad naselja Glavati gdje prolazi pored starih kuća, a iznad Velje Rijeke spušta se u uvalu Sv. Ane. Staza potom prolazi pored starih naseljenih kuća u brdu i nastavlja pored ruševina Stare prčanjske župne crkve i nastavlja sve do Gornjeg Stoliva. Nažalost, dio staze od naselja Muo do naselja Glavati je sasvim neprohodan i nije markiran, a godinama nije održavan. Ovaj segment staze bi zasigurno trebalo uvrstiti u plan pješačkih tura Boke Kotorske. Zbog nabujale vegetacije, Maja 2021. nije pristupačan ni dio pješačke staze na Prčanju, na lokalitetu Velja Rijeka – Sv. Ana – Mondov Potok, kao i dio staze na lokalitetu Grasovo – Markov Rt – Gornji Stoliv. ​ Staza Muo – Prčanj – Gornji Stoliv je višestruko značajna za izučavanje istorije ovih naselja i jedna je od najinteresantnijih jer pruža kontinuirane panoramske vizure na zaliv Boke Kotorske u dužini i do nekoliko kilometara. Prolazi dalje pored najstarijih ostataka i ruševina kuća u brdu čiji su kameni zidovi debljine izmedu jednog i dva metra što je najupečatljivije u gornjem dijelu naselja Muo od strane Prčanja. Ruševina starih srednjovjekovnih kuća duž staze ima i u uvali Sv. Ane, potom duž staze poslije Crkve Sv. Petra na Prčanju, kao i duž staze Muo – Crkva Sv. Kuzme i Damjana. Takođe na trasi staze Muo – Prčanj – Gornji Stoliv nalaze se brojne porodične kapele i crkve od kojih su mnoge u ruševinama. ​ Pejzažna vrijednost staze ogleda se u autentičnim tehnikama gradnje u kombinaciji stepenika isklesanih u stijeni i kamenih stepenica, kao i kamenim kaldrmisanim rampama, visokim podzidama od suvomeđa koje prate i denivelišu stazu od terasastih poljoprivrednih imanja. Takve sisteme podzida najupečatljivije su na dijelu staze Muo – Crkva Sv. Kuzme i Damjana, Grasovo – Stara prčanjska crkva u brdu, kao i lokalitet Mondov Potok – Prčanj. Karakter i ljepotu pješačke staze Muo – Prčanj – Gornji Stoliv čine mali visinski usponi, prolazak kroz raznovrsne tipove pejzaža, od kamenjara i sipara, maslinjaka, borovih, hrastovih i kestenovih šuma pa sve do pašnjaka sa autentičnim poljoprivrednim sortama i starim kamenim kućama u brdu. Bogatstvo i vrijednost pješačke staze, ogleda se i u brojnim ruševinama kako stambene tako i sakralne arhitekture koje su istinsko bogatstvo za buduću valorizaciju, prilika za oživljavanje "low – carbon" turizma i prezentaciju autentičnog načina života ljudi ovog podneblja od najstarijih vremena do danas. ​ ​ ​ KAKO DA CITIRATE OVAJ CLANAK Kusevic, B. (2021). Pješačka staza Muo - Prčanj - Gornji Stoliv. ‘‘The Archive of Landscapes” [datum]. ​ POZADINSKA KARTA David Rumsey Historical Map Collection | The Collection; (1693) Disegno Topografico del Canale di Cattaro, Montenegro; Coronelli, Vincenzo (1650-1718). ​ FOTOGRAFIJA: Bogdan Kusevic. 2018-2021 ​

2007-2017 History in stone cover photo: Unique example of descriptive geometry in real size scale on facade of Our Lady's Temple in Prcanj,Montenegro Stone plastics, family heraldry, doors and balustrades, these are all photographed in the town of Prcanj, Montenegro during the period 2008-2018. Next

2007-2017 Stoliv (ita. Stolivo ) cover photo: Stoliv seascape Stoliv is situated on the north-eastern side of the Vrmac hill, opposite Perast. It consists of two parts: the upper village is situated in a chestnut forest at 240 m of altitude. This part of the village has preserved its original rural layout. Today this part of Stoliv has only 15 habitants because most of the people have moved during the 17th and 18th century to the lower town. In the centre of the village there is the Church of St. Ilija. The lower Stoliv was given the rank of maritime town in 1721. Due to the Mediterranean climate, this part of the Bay of Kotor is rich in fruits and flowers, especially the camellia flower for which Stoliv is famous. Next

2007-2017 Bay of Kotor seascape photography ​cover photo: The islets in front of Perast, Montenegro Bay of Kotor in Montenegro, is a very attractive tourist destination. It is considered to be one of the most beautiful bays in the world. The Bay of Kotor is rich in cultural heritage, and the town of Kotor, situated at the end of the bay is the most beautiful one, where the most ancient Cathedral in eastern Adriatic called St. Tryphon Cathedral has existed since 1166. In this area, there are also very well-known Roman mosaics in Risan famous for its unique presentation of God Hypnos, along with the remains of Roman villas. The coastal settlements rapidly developed during Venetian protectorate of this region from 1492 to 1797 and the most picturesque towns are Perast and Prcanj. The coastline in Boka Kotorska has been modified by building family piers in front of palaces and houses. The population of the entire bay is around 60,000. Next

2007-2017 Kotor (ita. Cattaro) cover photo: Kotor town ramparts Street musician in square of St. Luke in kotor, Montenegro - recorded by Bogdan Kusevic. August 2012 00:00 / 00:00 Kotor is situated at the end of the Bay of Kotor in Montenegro, which is officially in the group of the most beautiful bays in the world. During the medieval times, Kotor became one of the most prominent cultural, economic, religious and trade centres of the southern Adriatic. The oldest archaeological remaining is the foundation of the early Cristian basilica from the 6th century below now existing Church of St. Mary of The River. The first fortification was also established in the 6th century under the rulership of the Byzantine Empire. From 1185 to 1371, Kotor was under the rule of the Kingdom of Serbia. During that period, the first statute of the town was released in the year of 1301. Between 1391 and 1420, Kotor was an independent town - state. Afterwards, due to the threat of the Ottoman Empire and regular attacks by pirates, Kotor asked the Republic of Venice for protection, which was granted. Thus, Kotor with its surrounding territory became the province of the Venetian Republic from 1420 to 1797. During the Venetian protectorate, the town became a significant maritime centre in this region. In that period, most of its palaces were constructed in Baroque style by using building techniques with a strong influence of Venetian tradition. ​ READ MORE on heritage article ''Bay of Kotor" Next

Bay of Kotor Kotor-Historical timeline Bay of Kotor-timeline Bay of Kotor in Montenegro, is a very attractive tourist destination. It is considered to be one of the most beautiful bays in the world. The Bay of Kotor is rich in cultural heritage, and the town of Kotor, situated at the end of the bay is the most beautiful one. In this area, there are also very well-known Roman mosaics in Risan famous for its unique presentation of God Hypnos, along with the remains of Roman villas. The coastal settlements rapidly developed during Venetian protectorate of this region from 1492 to 1797. The most picturesque coastal in Bay of Kotor are Perast and Prcanj. The coastline in Bay of Kotor has been modified by building family piers in front of palaces and houses over the last two millennium. The population of the entire bay is around 60,000. ​ Kotor is situated at the end of the Bay of Kotor in Montenegro. During the medieval times, Kotor became one of the most prominent cultural, economic, religious and trade centres of the southern Adriatic. The oldest archaeological remaining is the foundation of the early Cristian basilica from the 6th century below now existing Church of St. Mary of The River. The first fortification was also established in the 6th century under the rulership of the Byzantine Empire. From 1185 to 1371, Kotor was under the rule of the Kingdom of Serbia. During that period, the first statute of the town was released in the year of 1301. Between 1391 and 1420, Kotor was an independent town - state. Afterwards, due to the threat of the Ottoman Empire and regular attacks by pirates, Kotor asked the Republic of Venice for protection, which was granted. Thus, Kotor with its surrounding territory became the province of the Venetian Republic from 1420 to 1797. During the Venetian protectorate, the town became a significant maritime centre in this region. In that period, most of its palaces were constructed in Baroque style by using building techniques with a strong influence of Venetian tradition. The town has the longest fortification system in this region which was rebuilt by the Venetian Republic from 16th to 18th century. It protected the town during numerous Ottoman attempts to conquest the city. The most significant feat of architecture is St. Tryphon Cathedral built in 1166 on the remains of the old Roman basilica dated to the year of 809. Today, Kotor is a very attractive tourist and ship cruise destination. Over 500,000 visitors from cruise ships visit the town every year, which negatively affects the life of domicile population in many ways, and cause the high pollution of air and turbulence in marine ecosystem. The town itself has 2,500 inhabitants and it is the cultural capital of Montenegro. ​ ​ HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Kusevic, B. (2017). Bay of Kotor, Montenegro ‘‘The Archive of Landscapes”. [date]. ​ BIBLIOGRAPHY . ​ BACKGROUND PHOTO. Coats of arms of Beskuca family, Prcanj, Montenegro. Photo by Bogdan Kusevic; ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

PRCANJ’S CULTURAL HERITAGE social survey The aim of the public survey project, PRCANJ’S CULTURAL HERITAGE, held on my personal initiative from 27th November to 7th December 2017,over Google Forms platform, targeting resident population of Prcanj, was to raise public awareness about the importance of cultural heritage in the everyday life of local population, as well as to point to some very crucial problems for the community. The territory of Prcanj is part of UNESCO’s Natural and Culturo-historical Region of Kotor inscribed in the World heritage list since 1979. Nowadays, due to lack of regulations about the protection of the cultural landscape and the appalling development of the entire UNESCO’s area of Kotor, Prcanj is under a big threat of losing the integrity of its inherited cultural values. The public survey I held, as an architect and resident of Prcanj, addressed solely the local population: the respondents were 65, an amount which only covers 5.76% of Prcanj’s total population (1128 people, according to 2011 census). The people who responded to the anonymous questionnaire belong to diverse age groups; the majority ages between 25-34 years (26.2%) and are, in most cases, native residents with very different levels of formal education. Most of them (44.6%), however, have a university qualification. The focus of the survey was to recognize and express the residents’ opinion and vision about their everyday life in town, the site’s future development and its touristic destination. The residents’ thought was supposed to approve the general vision and suggestions of the UNESCO’s Commission and dedicated experts, who claim that the appalling development of the entire region is proving to have a devastating impact on the outstanding universal values of UNESCO Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor. Paper is original social survey report of Msc thesis in architecture at Politecnico di Milano at the course of Sustainable Architecture and landscape Design OPEN PAPER (original paper in English) OPEN PAPER (original paper in Montenegrin) BY CLICKING ON THE LINK ABOVE YOU AGREE TO THE GENERAL TERMS OF USE AND PRIVACY POLICY OF THE WEBSITE: ,, THE ARCHIVE OF LANDSCAPES''

Bay of Kotor - historical timeline Bay of Kotor cultural -historical timeline, historical events, notable people, architecture and artefacts CREDITS: ​ The background photo: Coats of arms of the Beskuca family. Prcanj, Montenegro. Photo by Bogdan Kusevic Credits of the timeline photography of sites, monuments, people & artefacts: Internet open public domain (Wikipedia, etc.) Zbornik Boka 15-16/1983 Čedo Kušević (1899-1983) Bogdan Kušević Bay of Kotor - historical timeline: (2018-2022) by Bogdan Kusevic. ​

Street of Lukovic family - Prcanj Lukovic Street, with its luxurious palaces overlooking the sea, the Captain’s house with as many as 12 baroque balconies, and the ancient stone paving along the entire street front, according to numerous historians is at the very top of the artistic expression of the baroque profane architecture of streets in the South Adriatic. Lukovic Street was the core of the public life of the 16th and 17th century. It is named after the Lukovic family houses, which have exceptionally elegantly decorated stone balustrades; the palaces follows the sea line, merging into the street front, and making a unique and indivisible ambient unit in a functional and aesthetic domain. Opposed to the houses towards the sea, so-called ‘ponta’ were made over the time, for accessing sailboats with a plateau on which cargoes from ships were landed, as well as small ports for binding family boats. The coastal belt was an indivisible private space and made up a whole with the palaces. In the later period, around 1805, when this region was already under the Austro-Hungarian empire, the emperor had the first coastal road built along the sea for military needs, thus completely interrupting the continuity of family gardens from the sea to the houses. This act changed forever the character of space, dividing it into two parts, one made up of family ports for boats with berths along the sea, and another made up of a paved street of the Lukovic family. The seafront, including ponta and boat bindings, were private properties in the 19th century, characterized by traditional stone bindings, stone paving and stone sea-shores, with small gardens rich in Mediterranean vegetation. On the opposite side of the houses, there are elegant courts (avlije) with greenery, authentic stylish furniture and paved paths. Each ‘avlija’, or, artistic yard, has its own water well with a baroque stone hood; the pavement from the house to the well features square plates of red and white stone, and each yard shows parts of artistic gardening masonry such as stone sinks and verandas on the stone pillars with capitals. The entire area is an example of an authentic traditional urban settlement that had all the elements of urban character with a paved street, a ship’s harbour, a church and a very strong influence in the cultural movements of this region. In the last decade, many palaces and captains’ houses have been subjected to unprofessional restorations. Traditional roofs have been opened for the balcony, baroque balconies have been divided by concrete slabs, houses have built where does not exist before, and the coastal line was rebuilt by building new concrete piers and harbours. Due to this all, today it is necessary to approach the integral protection of this region to preserve its original artistic and historical value and to protect it on a larger scale as a whole authentic ambient. Furthermore, it is extremely necessary to prepare an integral plan for the protection of the wider zone that affects the Lukovic Street, from the sea and the family ports, through the street front to the palace, with yards and fields behind the houses to the contact surfaces that touch the forests of Lekovina. All of this together should be included in the whole area of cultural landscape protection to avoid negative visual impacts on the very street of Lukovica, and in that way to avoid jeopardizing its outstanding universal value. ​ ​​​​ HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Kusevic, B. (2017). Street of Lukovic family - Prcanj . ‘‘The Archive of Landscapes”. [date]. ​ BIBLIOGRAPHY . ​ BACKGROUND PHOTO. David Rumsey Historical Map Collection | The Collection; (1693) Disegno Topografico del Canale di Cattaro, Montenegro; Coronelli, Vincenzo (1650-1718). ​